"The Epic of Gilgamesh" is one of the most ancient and enduring literary works originating in ancient Mesopotamia, specifically the Sumerian city-state of Uruk. Created more than 4,000 years ago on clay tablets, it explores themes of friendship, mortality, human nature and the search for wisdom. In this article, we will tell the plot of this epic poem.

Gilgamesh is presented as the central character of the epic. He is the king of Uruk, a powerful and prosperous city-state in ancient Mesopotamia. He is portrayed as a physically imposing figure: two-thirds divine and one-third human, thanks to his origins. His arrogance and tyranny become evident early in the narrative. He is said to abuse his power by oppressing his people and engaging in reckless behavior.

To curb Gilgamesh's excesses and provide a counterbalance to his rule, the gods create Enkidu, a wild man who lives in harmony with nature. Enkidu's original existence in the wilderness is described as a life of innocence and simplicity.

Read also: Gods in ancient Sumer

Eventually, Enkidu is adapted into human civilization through the intervention of a priestess in the temple. After a series of encounters and a confrontation with Gilgamesh, the two warriors engage in a fierce battle. However, this conflict leads to mutual respect and admiration, building a deep and lasting friendship between the two.

The turning point of the epic occurs when Enkidu becomes seriously ill and dies. This is the result of the gods' displeasure at his involvement in the murder of the divine Bull of Heaven. Enkidu's death devastates Gilgamesh, forcing him to confront the harsh reality of mortality.

In his grief and fear of his own imminent death, Gilgamesh embarks on a mission to seek the secret of eternal life. He sets out on a journey to find Utnapishtim. He is the only survivor of a great flood sent by the gods. Utnapishtim receives immortality from the gods and possesses the knowledge Gilgamesh seeks.

During his journey, Gilgamesh faced numerous challenges. He meets various characters who impart wisdom and insight. These episodes include: his encounter with the innkeeper Siduri, the scorpion men who guard the tunnel entrance to Mount Mashu, and a visit to the Garden of the Gods. Each experience contributes to Gilgamesh's personal growth and understanding of the human condition.

After a long and dangerous journey, he finally reaches the abode of Utnapishtim, where he seeks the secret of eternal life. The wise man shares the story of the great flood, which echoes earlier Mesopotamian myths. He reveals that immortality is not attainable for mortals, but offers a chance for rejuvenation through a magical plant. It is, however, stolen by a snake, leading to a profound realization for Gilgamesh.

With newfound wisdom and a deeper understanding of mortality, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk, where he is no longer the arrogant and oppressive king. He becomes a wiser and more compassionate ruler. He is focused on the welfare of his people and the legacy he leaves behind. The quest for immortality is transformed into a quest of wisdom and understanding. This underscores the importance of self-awareness and personal growth.

"The Epic of Gilgamesh explores the themes of friendship, the search for wisdom and the acceptance of mortality. It presents a nuanced description of one character's journey, from arrogance to humility, from fear of death to acceptance of the human condition. Gilgamesh's transformation and enduring lessons continue to captivate readers and make this ancient Mesopotamian story a timeless and universal narrative.

The epic has left a lasting legacy, influencing later works of literature. This includes the Old Testament of the Bible, modern literature and films. It continues to be studied for its philosophical significance, giving us insights into the timeless themes of mortality, friendship and the search for meaning.